INTRODUCTION:

Like developed countries, the importance of markets has increased in developing countries. "Sales" is a limited term, which is "Market Center" in a larger form. The market center is an important element of social, economic, and cultural organization work developed by the human community in any geographical area of the earth. Human civilizations like - as development progressed, so did the exchange of commodities with the market process. Markets started by trade. The answer given by E. Jerome McCarthy is the need to adjust the production capabilities to suit consumer demands. Bromley and Saymsky (1971) have considered that "marketing mechanism is an important fact of social, economic organization. A person is generally free to improve his condition in the sense that he can take advantage of any opportunity to improve his condition. Whenever individuals of society, through sufficiently close contact with each other, are aware of myriad opportunities and freed up to take advantage of them only then the market is created.

Study Area

Extension of Balod district in the west-central region of Chhattisgarh state (20° 22' to 21° 05' northern latitude and 80° 48' to 81° 31' east longitude) is spread in the basin of Shivnath river, which is divided into five development blocks - Sanjari Balod, Daundilohara, Gundardehi, Daundi, Gurur. The total geographical area of the district is 2780 square kilometers (352700 ha) which is 2.05% of the total area of the state of Chhattisgarh. The district has an average elevation of 324 meters (1063 ft.) above sea level. Balod district is bordered by Durg in the north, Rajnandgaon highlands in the northwestern part, Kanker in the south, and Dhamtari district in the east.

OBJECTIVES

The main objective of the study presented is to analyze the impact of road transport facilities and distance in rural markets with special reference to Balod district. Raw-paved small roadways have extended to the village market as transport facilities. People travel a certain distance to buy and sell goods, motor vehicles to the market place, and people from nearby places come to buy and sell on foot and cycle.

METHODOLOGY:

The study presented is based on primary data. For the first time, a 15% uniform sample rural market was selected by preparing a list of village markets from all the development blocks of BALOD. The sample size of the selected sample rural market has been examined (tested) by the statically method. In this way a total of 36 villages have been selected from the district, the information related to buyer and seller from the selected rural markets is obtained through proper interview and village dairy.

Transport facilities and expansion in rural markets

The main reason for the development of an area depends on the number of resources available there, transport facilities and its expansion. The areas which are lacking in resources and the development and expansion of transport facilities have not been able to develop, that area is still backward from the social, economic and political point of view. Where the availability of the same resources is there but lack of transport facilities has been found, those areas have not been developed. The main reason for the development of rural markets in Balod district is the connectivity of the village roads with the main roads, the same as transport facilities, facilities for bicycles, motorcycles, two-wheelers, and four-wheelers are available through which resources There should be a convenience in transportation from one place to another.

Human beings have been in search of transport routes since early times to obtain resources. Due to the lack of consumption of business class and agricultural class in one place, access routes from one area to another have been constructed to get resources from other areas and the transportation facilities have expanded which has reduced the world. Because today the whole world has taken the form of a market. In this way, India, which is called the country of villages, has developed many small and big village markets, if the transportation facilities and its expansion are considered deeply, then it has been found to have a close relationship with the village market. In the areas where transport facilities are adequate, there is an expansion of village markets, whereas the areas where transport routes are not available have not been developed. Thus, the study of various modes of transport holds a very important place in the village market center and regional development.

In rural markets, the goods produced by farmers in the farms and farms are transported to local markets or mandis, then from where the buyers purchase and sell them to consumers in small village markets as consumers and to conduct all these activities. There is an important place for transport routes and vehicles. Therefore, it is not unreasonable to say that transport has the potential to increase production as much as the importance of labor by a farmer. Today, the level of development has increased so much in the present times that the increase in many new machines in agriculture, expansion and improvement in the means of transport and transportation has increased the expansion of market centers. According to Garner sir (1966), every retail businessman wants to establish his business nearest to the central point of the city. According to Brown sir (1987), in the case of general accessibility, high-end goods and services remain at the central point and relatively lower-end items begin to be established in peripheral areas.

Population growth is the main reason for the changing patterns of rural markets. Apart from this, there is less development of road traffic in tribal and backward areas. Transport facilities in the district have to connect remote areas with less availability of facilities. In the areas of the district where the development of roadways has been relatively high, the expansion of the village market has also increased whereas, in the areas where the facilities of roadways are not sufficient, the expansion of the village market is relatively less. Due to which this availability of essential commodities is available to the rural areas without market basis based on weekly market day.

Village Road Density

Road density refers to the length of the road per kilometer area. Based on physical nature, the road density in the flat plains is higher than that in the high forested areas. According to Khan (1987), the relationship of the center to each other can be greatly strengthened by traffic. With this in view, the total length of roadways in the district is 840.17 km. is. Thus the district's average road length is 840.17 km.

Table 1.1 Balod District: Density of Roads

No.	Block/District	Total Area (sq./km)	Road Length (sq./km)	Density Of Roads per sq./km area	Village Market centres at per 100 km Road Length	Abad Village at per 100 km Road Length
No.	Block/District	Total Area (sq./km)	Road Length (sq./km)	Density Of Roads per sq./km area	Village Market centres at per 100 km Road Length	Abad Village at per 100 km Road Length
1.	Balod	401	51.95	0.13	57.75	171.32
2.	Gunderdehi	681	203.05	0.30	34.47	80.27
3.	Daundi Lohara	1044	220.64	0.21	35.35	93.36
4.	Daundi	814	211.06	0.26	11.37	55.91
5.	Gurur	587	153.47	0.27	23.53	79.49
Total/ Average		3527	840.17	0.24	32.49	83.08

Source: District Handbook Balod, 2017-18

Achieved, however, is also relatively high in Daundi block (211.0s km) and Gunderdehi block (203,05 km). While the minimum length of the road was achieved in Balod Development Block (91.95 km). It is worth mentioning that the Daundilohara and Daundi blocks are a wide development area in terms of area, however, due to the terrestrial high elevation and the forested area, the populated villages developed far and wide due to which the length of roads was more. In contrast, Balod Block is the smallest development block of the district in terms of area, in which the Tandula reservoir and south part is high ground area. Therefore, the development of the village of Abad was more in the north-eastern flat plain, which affected the length of the road. In this way, due to the variation of the area and road length of the development block per square km. Spatial discrimination occurred in the density of roads. Per km, in the district, the density of roads in the area is 0.24. Km is. Locally in Gunderdehi where the density of roads (3 km / sq. km) was achieved. Whereas per square km The minimum density of roads in the area was attained in Balod development block (13 km / sq. km). Thus, per square meter in the development block. The density of roads in the area received more than twice the spatial distinction. Which exhibit spatial variation in regional development. Per 100 km in the district, The average density of the road is 32.49. The highest density of roads in the region is in Balod block (57.75), while the lowest density of roads (11.37) is in Daundi block. It is noteworthy that the development of the Tandula in Balod block has resulted in greater agricultural development, the effect of which is seen in the density of road. Determined the coefficient of correlation between the rural market center and road density. Which was evidenced at a higher significance level (0.01) (Table 1.1 and Map 1.1).

The role of road transport in the role of rural market in the regional development of the district is analyzed in detail in chapter five. The development of rural markets is different from the spatial point of view depending on the density of village roads. The village roads in the district per 100 km. The length was also analyzed based on the population inhabited villages because the effect of the availability of roadways on the regional development of a village in any area is of particular importance. With this in view, per 100 km in the district. The average number of Abad villages in length is 83, that is, 1 Abad village is located per road length of 12 km. Spatially, per 100 km The maximum number of R villages in road length was found in Balod Development Block (171.32), while the ratio of Abad Village was found in Daundi Block (55.91). Thus three times the spatial variation in the distribution of 3 villages per 100 km of road length was found. In areas where there is more development of roads, there is more development of rural markets as a result of economic development. The rural market is engaged by the main road of the state as the facilities of the service center. The smaller roadways of the district extend more into the interior.

Map 1.1

Traffic and transport facilities -

Transport and transport facilities are the pillars of the economy of any region, in which road (raw-paved), rails, transportation are developed forms of traffic cultivation. A district is an important place for many small and big motor vehicles of different rural areas. The district includes road transport facilities in rural areas such as Bicycles, Two-wheelers Vehicles and Four Wheelers like pickup, jeep, Bus etc. from which both the buyer and the sellers receive corresponding benefits at the economic level. The expansion of the transport and transport facilities is analyzed separately in the context of quality buyers and sellers.

Facilities of traffic movement in the selected rural market

The highest percentage of paddler buyers in mean of reaching the rural market place in the district is 58.15% and bicycle 23.61%. The same is the highest percentage of coming from CRENT Motor-cycle (15.45%) ass bus (2.25%) and Jeep (0.54%). The main reason for the decrease in the number of buyers of a Jeep bus is that of other buyers in the market center compared to the number of local sub-units to be boasted, what is to be done by the lit buyers for small and low on (daily use), which can be easily borne by the facilities at their own pace and two-wheeler water. As a result, the use of own family facilities has increased.

Table 1.2 Balod District : Means of Transport of Buyers in Selected Rural Markets, 2017-18

No	Block/District	No. of Buyers	Paddler	%	Bicycle	%	Motorcycle	%	Jeep	%	Bus	%
1.	Balod	105	56	53.33	26	24.76	21	20	0	0	2	1.91
2.	Gunderdehi	290	183	63.10	61	21.03	38	13.11	5	1.72	3	1.04
3.	Daundilohara	289	165	57.09	75	25.95	40	13.84	0	0	9	3.12
4.	Daundi	125	69	55.20	32	25.6	19	15.2	0	0	5	4
5.	Gurur	123	69	56.13	26	21.12	26	21.12	0	0	2	1.63
Total/ Average		932	542	58.15	220	23.61	144	15.45	5	0.54	21	2.25

Source : Personal survey 2017-18.

The topical percentage (63.10%) of the buyers arriving at the foot market place on foot was obtained in the Gunderdehi block, the highest percentage of buyers going to the foot market place in Balod block (53.33%).

It is worth mentioning that in all the rural markets created, the residence of Buyers going to the market is to be within 5 km, it is also indicative of the low economic condition. Conversely, a greater percentage of Buyers going to the market place from a bicycle was found in Daundilohara (25.95%) and Doty (25.60%). From this point of view, A higher percentage of Buyers from the motorcycle in the Selected rural market was abandoned in the market (Gurur block 21.12%) and Balod block (20%). The minimum percentage of Buyers who go to the market by motorcycle was found in Gunderdehi Development Block (23.11%).

Map 1.2

Thus the head of the Motor Cycle by the Buyers has gained relatively more selective chances, which is the antithesis of the economic situation of the people. Jeep/ Bus are also used by Buyers to visit the market place. Similarly, jeep usage was achieved only in the substandard Gunderdehi Block (1.72%), while the majority of Buyers who used buses were the best deciduous (4%) and the lowest percentage of Buyers (1.04%) was received in Gunderdehi block. Thus the means used by consumers to reach the marketplace reflect their economic status. However, the physical structure of the district and the transport facilities available on them and the distance to the marketplace in the residence also play an important role in the selection of resources used by Buyers. Due to its location in the highly landscaped terrain of Tony Daundi and Daundilohara development and the market place is away from the residence site, the use of motorcycle or bus is more by the Buyers of both those blocks. Rural market pan-mass develops in the flat plains. So Buyers walk or use bicycles relatively more to go to the market place. (Table 1.2 and Map 1.2).

Seller facility in the selected rural market

In rural markets, various means are used to reach the market place from the residence of the Sellers. In which self and the rental vehicle is on foot or wheel cycle motor-cycle / auto, car or van, jeep/pickup and bus head. It is noteworthy that while the means used by the sellers are affected by the distance from the market place to the residence, the effect of the quantity of the sale material and the economic condition of the sellers is visible in the determination of the means for the sellers to reach the market place. With this view, most of the own vehicles (67.55%) were used by selected sellers of selected rural markets in the district to reach the marketplace. Its highest percentage was found in Balod block (93.18%). In contrast, the percentage of sellers using the rent means is 32.45 which was used by the sellers (44.34%) of the Daundilohara block. It is noteworthy that the minimum use of a rented vehicle was made in Balod development block (6.81%).

Table 1.3 Balod District: Types of Transport of Sellers in Selected Rural Markets, 2017-18

No.	Block/District	Total	Ownership	%	Rent	%
1.	Balod	44	41	93.18	3	6.81
2.	Gunderdehi	78	52	66.67	26	33.33
3.	Daundilohara	106	59	55.66	47	44.34
4.	Daundi	37	24	64.86	13	35.14
5.	Gurur	37	28	75.67	9	24.32
Total/ Average		302	204	67.55	98	32.45

Source : Personal survey 2017-18.

Thus the spatial difference in the use of a rented vehicle was found to be 6 times, while in the use of own vehicle the spatial difference between the sellers was less visible. The highest percentage of the means used by the sellers to reach market share was found in motor-cycle / auto (38.75%). The tool was most commonly used in Gunderdehi development block (47.47%), while the instrument was the least used by the vendor (29.13%) of Daundilohara block. Another important means for sellers to reach the market place is foot and wheelbarrow (32.45%) (Table 1.3).

Table: 1.4 Balod District : Distance of Sellers' Village from Markets (Distance in km), 2017-18

N0.	Block/ District	< 5 km	5 to10km	10 to 15km	> 15km
1.	Balod	73.47	20.41	6.12	0
2.	Gunderdehi	85.86	12.12	2.02	0
3.	Daundilohara	71.65	14.17	4.73	9.45
4.	Daundi	54.17	22.92	10.41	12.5
5.	Gurur	84.78	10.87	4.35	0
Total/ Average		75.07	15.17	4.88	4.88

Source : Personal survey 2017-18.

The highest percentage of sellers who reached the market place on foot or by hand was obtained in Gurur: Block (41.30%) and the lowest percentage of sellers was reached in Daundi Block (16.67%). Due to the highly covered terrain in the Daundi block, there is a lack of transport facilities and the Scraggy road. Apart from this, the distance from the residence to the market place is comparatively more, as the market develops, the selling material is also more. The gyro sellers reaches the market place by motor-cycle / auto and car/van.

The distance covered by the sellers in the selected village markets of Balod district is the maximum distance to the market place. is. As a result, the sellers bring the merchandise to the market through bicycles, carts, two-wheelers and four-wheelers. Farmers of market village or nearby village, who produce vegetables in small and big forms on their own. Have an important place in development in the agricultural market. The highest maximum percentage of Sami carry till village market in Balod district 5 km, was obtained from village markets (75.07%). There has been a decrease in the number of sellers along with the distance. 5 km to 10 km from 15.17 percent in distance, 10 km From 15 km M 4.88 percent and 15 km in distance More than 4.88 percent of traders in rural markets are engaged. 15 km The distance is more than that of the traders, mainly due to the proximity of the village market, the road and transportation facilities available so that the beneficiaries can reach the village market place in a short time without harming the beneficiaries.

5 km in the district Distance from Gunderdehi is 85.26 percent in block and 54.17 percent in the lowest Daundi development block. 5 km to 10 km from In the distance of 22.92 percent, Daundi block has been the most successful but at least 12.12 percent has been achieved in Gunderdehi development block. The distance from 10 km to 15 km was 104 percent of the most towed block, while the lowest 2.02 percent was found in Gunderdehi block, in rural markets with distance more than 15 km, 12.5 percent of the maximum dowdy development block, while other blocks with more distance The number of traders has been negligible, the maximum distance traveled by the sellers to the market place in the unelected village markets of Balod district? Km (Table 1.4).

The businessman of the nearby village must produce the items made from the sale of the nearby village markets for sale on the second day of the day, especially items such as vegetables, fruits, mutton etc. So the sellers give more importance to the village markets in the short distance so that Stuff bad is not there and reaches Etta buyers. 15 km in contrast The businessmen who go to the rural markets from a distance of more than that of Daundi and Daundilohara are more than the development block. Due to special facilities of transport in these areas, the seller clothes, rations, fancy goods. They sell sweets and more. In this way, the number of vendors in the village markets is dependent on the demand of the market village and the population of the adjacent area.

CONCLUSION:

In the regional development of Balod district, based on the density of village road route, the development of rural markets has been more on the roads with higher density and less on the areas. In the pram market, in terms of spatial and temporal perspective, services are provided at a fixed distance by the availability of resources based on transport facilities, two wheels and four-wheelers based on transport facilities, which is the number of sellers and buyers, as market centers. The Market displays the format and the modality of the visitors depends on the demand of the market gam and the population of the adjacent gam, the effect of which is different in rural market centers.

REFERENCE BOOK:

1. Brown, S., Institutional Change in Retailing a Geographical Interpretation, Progress in Human Geography, 1987, pp.181-206.

2. Bromley, R. J. and R. Symanki “The Rationale of Periodic Markets” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.65, 1975, p.530- 537.

3. Garner, B.J. The Internal Structure of Retail Nucleation’s, North Eastern Studies in Geography Evanston, Illinois, 1966.

4. Kumari, Sarita, The Role of Rural Markets in Regional Development and Planning of South Chotanagpur Division: A Theological Study, Post-Dissertation Dedicated to the Ph.D Degree, Ranchi, 2014, pages 91-132.

5. Maurya, SD, Resource Geography, Prayag Pustak Bhawan Allahabad, 2011, p.262, ISBN: 81-86539-39-46-4.

Received on 24.11.2022 Modified on 17.12.2022

Int. J. Rev. and Res. Social Sci. 2022; 10(4):177-182.